{"id":19422,"date":"2025-07-22T03:27:56","date_gmt":"2025-07-21T20:27:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trungvu.net\/?p=19422"},"modified":"2025-07-22T03:28:00","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T20:28:00","slug":"cac-cong-thuc-dien-tu-co-ban-tong-hop-day-du-va-de-hieu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trungvu.net\/wordpress\/cac-cong-thuc-dien-tu-co-ban-tong-hop-day-du-va-de-hieu\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, robot, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"C\u00e1c
C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u2013 t\u1eeb linh ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m, \u0111i\u1ed1t, transistor cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ch l\u1ecdc, khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (Resistor)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Ohm:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    U = I \\times R<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      P = I^2 \\times R = \\frac{U^2}{R}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n (Capacitor)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • \u0110i\u1ec7n dung:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        C = \\frac{q}{U}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qua t\u1ee5:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          I = C \\cdot \\frac{dU}{dt}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            W = \\frac{1}{2} C U^2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            3. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m (Inductor)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              U = L \\cdot \\frac{dI}{dt}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                W = \\frac{1}{2} L I^2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                4. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u0110i\u1ed1t (Diode)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • D\u1eabn khi U_{AK} > 0.7V (\u0111i\u1ed1t silicon)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Ng\u0103n d\u00f2ng khi ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Shockley cho \u0111i\u1ed1t:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  I = I_S \\left( e^{\\frac{qV}{nkT}} – 1 \\right)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • I_S: d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3o h\u00f2a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • V: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p thu\u1eadn<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • n: h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (~1-2)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • T: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    5. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Transistor (BJT)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • D\u00f2ng Collector:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      I_C = \\beta \\cdot I_B<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      • D\u00f2ng Emitter:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                        I_E = I_B + I_C<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        • Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                          U_{BE} \\approx 0.7V \\quad (v\u1edbi transistor NPN)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          II. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          1. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          M\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n \u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          U_{out} = \\frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2} \\cdot U_{in}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          2. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          T\u1ed5ng tr\u1edf m\u1ea1ch RLC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n
                          • R n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp L v\u00e0 C:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            Z = \\sqrt{R^2 + \\left( \\omega L – \\frac{1}{\\omega C} \\right)^2}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            • Trong \u0111\u00f3:
                              \n
                                \n
                              • \\omega = 2\\pi f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • L: \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m (H)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • C: \u0111i\u1ec7n dung (F)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                3. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1ch LC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                f_0 = \\frac{1}{2\\pi \\sqrt{LC}}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng trong:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \n
                                • M\u1ea1ch l\u1ecdc<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • M\u1ea1ch c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • M\u1ea1ch dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                  4. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Q (m\u1ea1ch c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  Q = \\frac{f_0}{\\Delta f} = \\frac{1}{R} \\cdot \\sqrt{\\frac{L}{C}}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  5. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ed1t)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    \n
                                  • Ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u n\u1eeda chu k\u1ef3:
                                    \n
                                      \n
                                    • \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ra trung b\u00ecnh:
                                      V_{DC} = \\frac{V_{max}}{\\pi}<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u to\u00e0n chu k\u1ef3:
                                      V_{DC} = \\frac{2V_{max}}{\\pi}<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                      III. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i (Op-Amp)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      1. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      Khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      A_v = -\\frac{R_f}{R_{in}}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      2. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      Khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      A_v = 1 + \\frac{R_f}{R_{in}}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      IV. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 xung<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      1. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch RC (NE555)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      f = \\frac{1.44}{(R_1 + 2R_2) \\cdot C}<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      2. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch \u0111a h\u00e0i (kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh transistor \u2013 RC<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      V. \u0110\u1ed5i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch nhanh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>T\u00ean g\u1ecdi<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
                                      R<\/td>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/td>Ohm (\u03a9)<\/td><\/tr>
                                      C<\/td>\u0110i\u1ec7n dung<\/td>Farad (F)<\/td><\/tr>
                                      L<\/td>T\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m<\/td>Henry (H)<\/td><\/tr>
                                      I<\/td>C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng<\/td>Ampe (A)<\/td><\/tr>
                                      U<\/td>Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/td>Volt (V)<\/td><\/tr>
                                      f<\/td>T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1<\/td>Hertz (Hz)<\/td><\/tr>
                                      P<\/td>C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t<\/td>Watt (W)<\/td><\/tr>
                                      t<\/td>Th\u1eddi gian<\/td>gi\u00e2y (s)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                      T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      Vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hay s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ea1ch. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, th\u1ee3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201ckim ch\u1ec9 nam\u201d cho m\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      \u2705 L\u01b0u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nhanh h\u01a1n!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      \ud83d\udcd8 Theo d\u00f5i trungvu.net \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, IoT v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, robot, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[777],"tags":[1962,2335,2337,1266,2336,2201],"class_list":["post-19422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giao-duc-40","tag-co-ban","tag-cong-thuc-dien-tu","tag-day-du","tag-dien-tu","tag-dien-tu-co-ban","tag-tong-hop"],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u2013 T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u - 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