{"id":19164,"date":"2025-07-18T20:08:10","date_gmt":"2025-07-18T13:08:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trungvu.net\/?p=19164"},"modified":"2025-07-18T20:13:22","modified_gmt":"2025-07-18T13:13:22","slug":"cac-no-ron-than-kinh-la-gi-phan-loai-va-vai-tro-trong-nao-bo-con-nguoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trungvu.net\/wordpress\/cac-no-ron-than-kinh-la-gi-phan-loai-va-vai-tro-trong-nao-bo-con-nguoi\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

N\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh (hay t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 10% s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong n\u00e3o, n\u01a1-ron \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"C\u00e1c
C\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. N\u01a1-ron l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u01a1-ron l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed7i n\u01a1-ron c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Th\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (soma): Ch\u1ee9a nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0o quan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • S\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh (dendrite): Nh\u1eadn t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u01a1-ron kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • S\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c (axon): D\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n xung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    C\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau qua kh\u1edbp th\u1ea7n kinh (synapse), n\u01a1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n sang n\u01a1-ron k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i n\u01a1-ron trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo nhi\u1ec1u ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.1. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lo\u1ea1i n\u01a1-ron<\/strong><\/td>Vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    N\u01a1-ron c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c<\/td>Truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u2192 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9<\/td><\/tr>
    N\u01a1-ron v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>Truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u2192 c\u01a1 b\u1eafp ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ebfn<\/td><\/tr>
    N\u01a1-ron trung gian<\/td>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron v\u1edbi nhau, x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Khi b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o v\u1eadt n\u00f3ng, n\u01a1-ron c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e3o, n\u01a1-ron trung gian x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 n\u01a1-ron v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho tay r\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.2. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/strong><\/td>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u0110\u01a1n c\u1ef1c<\/td>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh<\/td>Th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ea5p c\u1ea5p<\/td><\/tr>
    L\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c<\/td>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh<\/td>M\u1eaft, m\u0169i, tai<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0110a c\u1ef1c<\/td>Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee3i nh\u00e1nh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i tr\u1ee5c d\u00e0i<\/td>V\u1ecf n\u00e3o, t\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng, ti\u1ec3u n\u00e3o\u2026<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    2.3. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n kinh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00ean n\u01a1-ron<\/strong><\/td>Ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>Vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    Cholinergic<\/td>Acetylcholine<\/td>Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, c\u01a1 b\u1eafp<\/td><\/tr>
    Dopaminergic<\/td>Dopamine<\/td>C\u1ea3m x\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c<\/td><\/tr>
    Serotonergic<\/td>Serotonin<\/td>T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng, gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7<\/td><\/tr>
    GABAergic<\/td>GABA<\/td>\u1ee8c ch\u1ebf th\u1ea7n kinh, ch\u1ed1ng co gi\u1eadt<\/td><\/tr>
    Glutamatergic<\/td>Glutamate<\/td>K\u00edch th\u00edch, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    3. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 86 t\u1ef7 n\u01a1-ron, m\u1ed7i n\u01a1-ron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u01a1-ron kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Suy ngh\u0129, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ghi nh\u1edb<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nhanh ch\u00f3ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng: M\u1ed9t n\u01a1-ron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u01a1n <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      10.000 kh\u1edbp th\u1ea7n kinh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

       \u2013 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      4. N\u01a1-ron c\u00f3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u01a1-ron kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o sau khi ch\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3i h\u1ea3i m\u00e3 (hippocampus) \u2013 trung t\u00e2m ghi nh\u1edb \u2013 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh n\u01a1-ron m\u1edbi (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng neurogenesis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      5. R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n n\u01a1-ron v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh li\u00ean quan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Khi c\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebft \u0111i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Alzheimer: Tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a n\u01a1-ron v\u00f9ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Parkinson: M\u1ea5t n\u01a1-ron dopaminergic<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u0110\u1ed9ng kinh: M\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa n\u01a1-ron k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • T\u1ef1 k\u1ef7, tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t: Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01a1-ron<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        6. L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1-ron?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ee7: Gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n kinh<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • T\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n: K\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ea3n sinh n\u01a1-ron m\u1edbi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u0102n u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh: Omega-3, vitamin B, ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • T\u01b0 duy t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c: Gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01a1-ron m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          C\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00f9 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sinh v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \ud83d\udca1 G\u1ee3i \u00fd: H\u00e3y h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u1ed1t cho n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u201cm\u00e1y t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t\u201d nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          N\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh (hay t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 10% s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong n\u00e3o<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19166,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[794],"tags":[2291,2287,2290,2289,2008,1917,2292],"class_list":["post-19164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cua-so-tri-thuc","tag-nao-nguoi","tag-noron","tag-noron-nao-nguoi","tag-noron-than-kinh","tag-phan-loai","tag-tim-hieu","tag-vai-tro"],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con - Trungvu.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"N\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh (hay t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. 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