{"id":19084,"date":"2025-07-16T11:55:32","date_gmt":"2025-07-16T04:55:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trungvu.net\/?p=19084"},"modified":"2025-07-16T11:55:38","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T04:55:38","slug":"mach-chong-dong-ro-trong-thiet-bi-dien-tu-vai-tro-nguyen-ly-va-cach-thiet-ke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trungvu.net\/wordpress\/mach-chong-dong-ro-trong-thiet-bi-dien-tu-vai-tro-nguyen-ly-va-cach-thiet-ke\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed: Vai tr\u00f2, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"M\u1ea1ch
M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed: Vai tr\u00f2, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2705 D\u00f2ng r\u00f2 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f2ng r\u00f2 (leakage current) l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 l\u1ed7i trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Gi\u1eadt nh\u1eb9 khi ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o v\u1ecf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Hao ph\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • G\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m sai s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • H\u01b0 h\u1ecfng linh ki\u1ec7n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • G\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    \u26a0\ufe0f Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra d\u00f2ng r\u00f2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00fd sinh gi\u1eefa d\u00e2y ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 v\u1ecf kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p (\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n\u2026).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Board m\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb \u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c n\u1ee9t, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. L\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. T\u1ee5 l\u1ecdc EMI b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp sai chu\u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an to\u00e0n, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 nguy hi\u1ec3m (v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho ph\u00e9p, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 10\u201330 mA).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • C\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch ngu\u1ed3n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n nguy c\u01a1 gi\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        T\u00f9y theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (CT) ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7u dao ch\u1ed1ng r\u00f2 (RCD\/ELCB) trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u2699\ufe0f Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        C\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 (bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ch \u0111o) li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa d\u00e2y pha v\u00e0 d\u00e2y trung t\u00ednh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ra v\u1ecf m\u00e1y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n sai l\u1ec7ch \u2192 sinh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. R\u01a1-le ho\u1eb7c transistor c\u00e1ch ly s\u1ebd k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u2192 ng\u1eaft t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          \ud83d\udccc V\u00ed d\u1ee5: N\u1ebfu d\u00f2ng pha l\u00e0 5A nh\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng trung t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 4.97A \u2192 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 30 mA \u2192 ng\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \ud83d\udd27 M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ecf)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u2728 Linh ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • Bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng (Current Transformer CT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • IC khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i vi sai (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: LM358)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • R\u01a1-le ho\u1eb7c MOSFET\/triac \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eaft t\u1ea3i<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Ngu\u1ed3n nu\u00f4i m\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecf (5V ho\u1eb7c 12V)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            \u270d\ufe0f S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1ed1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Ngu\u1ed3n AC \u2192 Bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng CT \u2192 M\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i so s\u00e1nh \u2192 R\u01a1-le ng\u1eaft t\u1ea3i<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \ud83d\udcce Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • CT ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng sai l\u1ec7ch \u2192 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u2192 IC so s\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u2192 ng\u1eaft khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              \u26a0\ufe0f L\u01b0u \u00fd khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. Ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd: Th\u01b0\u1eddng 10\u201330 mA l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eaft an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              2. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh: Ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eaft trong v\u00f2ng <30ms \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              3. C\u00e1ch ly t\u1ed1t: Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111o nhi\u1ec5u l\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              4. \u0110o c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u (AC): D\u00f2ng r\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 n\u1eeda chu k\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                \ud83d\udd0d \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
                Ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ong, s\u1ea1c laptop<\/td>Ng\u0103n gi\u1eadt nh\u1eb9 khi ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o v\u1ecf<\/td><\/tr>
                T\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh, m\u00e1y gi\u1eb7t, l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng<\/td>B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u1ecfi r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr>
                M\u00e1y CNC, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/td>Tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 do r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td><\/tr>
                Tr\u1ea1m s\u1ea1c EV, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf<\/td>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                \ud83e\udde0 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/strong><\/td>M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2<\/strong><\/td>CB qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng<\/strong><\/td>M\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 \u00e1p<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
                Ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/td>\u2705 C\u00f3<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td><\/tr>
                Ng\u1eaft khi d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 nh\u1ecf (10-30 mA)<\/td>\u2705 C\u00f3<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td><\/tr>
                B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khi ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t<\/td>\u2705 C\u00f3<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td><\/tr>
                Ng\u1eaft khi qu\u00e1 d\u00f2ng (ch\u1eadp m\u1ea1ch)<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\u2705 C\u00f3<\/td>\u274c Kh\u00f4ng<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                \ud83d\udccc K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia d\u1ee5ng hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, an to\u00e0n cho to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \ud83d\udd0e T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a SEO g\u1ee3i \u00fd:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • M\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec7n cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 mini<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • M\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  D\u00f2ng r\u00f2 (leakage current) l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 l\u1ed7i trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19085,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1944],"tags":[2007,2182,1661,2184,2183,1208,2185],"class_list":["post-19084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dien-tu","tag-cau-tao","tag-dong-ro","tag-hoat-dong","tag-mach-bao-ve","tag-mach-chong-dong-ro","tag-nguyen-ly","tag-thiet-bi-dien-tu"],"yoast_head":"\nM\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed: Vai tr\u00f2, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 - Trungvu.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00f2ng r\u00f2 (leakage current) l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y qua c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f2 l\u1ed7i trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, g\u00e2y\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/trungvu.net\/wordpress\/mach-chong-dong-ro-trong-thiet-bi-dien-tu-vai-tro-nguyen-ly-va-cach-thiet-ke\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"M\u1ea1ch ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng r\u00f2 trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed: Vai tr\u00f2, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 - 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